Autophagy in Its (Proper) Context: Molecular Basis, Biological Relevance, Pharmacological Modulation, and Lifestyle Medicine

Ortega, Miguel A; Fraile-Martinez, Oscar; de Leon-Oliva, Diego; Boaru, Diego Liviu; Lopez-Gonzalez, Laura; García-Montero, Cielo; Alvarez-Mon, Miguel Angel; Guijarro, Luis G; Torres-Carranza, Diego; Saez, Miguel A; Diaz-Pedrero, Raul; Albillos, Agustin; Alvarez-Mon, Melchor

doi:10.7150/ijbs.95122

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Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20(7):2532-2554. doi:10.7150/ijbs.95122 This issue Cite

Review

Autophagy in Its (Proper) Context: Molecular Basis, Biological Relevance, Pharmacological Modulation, and Lifestyle Medicine

Miguel A Ortega^1,2✉*, Oscar Fraile-Martinez^1,2*, Diego de Leon-Oliva^1,2, Diego Liviu Boaru^1,2, Laura Lopez-Gonzalez^2,3, Cielo García-Montero^1,2, Miguel Angel Alvarez-Mon^1,2, Luis G Guijarro^2,4, Diego Torres-Carranza^1,2, Miguel A Saez^1,2,6, Raul Diaz-Pedrero^2,3,5, Agustin Albillos^1,2, Melchor Alvarez-Mon^1,2,7

1. Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain.
2. Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain.
3. Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain.
4. Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of System Biology (CIBEREHD), University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
5. Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Príncipe de Asturias Universitary Hospital, 28805 Alcala de Henares, Spain.
6. Pathological Anatomy Service, Central University Hospital of Defence-UAH Madrid, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain.
7. Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, Oncology Service an Internal Medicine (CIBEREHD), Príncipe de Asturias University Hospital, 28806 Alcala de Henares, Spain.
* These authors contributed equally.

Citation:

Ortega MA, Fraile-Martinez O, de Leon-Oliva D, Boaru DL, Lopez-Gonzalez L, García-Montero C, Alvarez-Mon MA, Guijarro LG, Torres-Carranza D, Saez MA, Diaz-Pedrero R, Albillos A, Alvarez-Mon M. Autophagy in Its (Proper) Context: Molecular Basis, Biological Relevance, Pharmacological Modulation, and Lifestyle Medicine. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20(7):2532-2554. doi:10.7150/ijbs.95122. https://www.ijbs.com/v20p2532.htm

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Abstract

Autophagy plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and responding to various stress conditions by the degradation of intracellular components. In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive overview of autophagy's cellular and molecular basis, biological significance, pharmacological modulation, and its relevance in lifestyle medicine. We delve into the intricate molecular mechanisms that govern autophagy, including macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Moreover, we highlight the biological significance of autophagy in aging, immunity, metabolism, apoptosis, tissue differentiation and systemic diseases, such as neurodegenerative or cardiovascular diseases and cancer. We also discuss the latest advancements in pharmacological modulation of autophagy and their potential implications in clinical settings. Finally, we explore the intimate connection between lifestyle factors and autophagy, emphasizing how nutrition, exercise, sleep patterns and environmental factors can significantly impact the autophagic process. The integration of lifestyle medicine into autophagy research opens new avenues for promoting health and longevity through personalized interventions.

Keywords: ATG proteins, autophagosome, aging, pharmacological modulation, lifestyle habits

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APA

Ortega, M.A., Fraile-Martinez, O., de Leon-Oliva, D., Boaru, D.L., Lopez-Gonzalez, L., García-Montero, C., Alvarez-Mon, M.A., Guijarro, L.G., Torres-Carranza, D., Saez, M.A., Diaz-Pedrero, R., Albillos, A., Alvarez-Mon, M. (2024). Autophagy in Its (Proper) Context: Molecular Basis, Biological Relevance, Pharmacological Modulation, and Lifestyle Medicine. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 20(7), 2532-2554. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.95122.

ACS

Ortega, M.A.; Fraile-Martinez, O.; de Leon-Oliva, D.; Boaru, D.L.; Lopez-Gonzalez, L.; García-Montero, C.; Alvarez-Mon, M.A.; Guijarro, L.G.; Torres-Carranza, D.; Saez, M.A.; Diaz-Pedrero, R.; Albillos, A.; Alvarez-Mon, M. Autophagy in Its (Proper) Context: Molecular Basis, Biological Relevance, Pharmacological Modulation, and Lifestyle Medicine. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2024, 20 (7), 2532-2554. DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.95122.

NLM

CSE

Ortega MA, Fraile-Martinez O, de Leon-Oliva D, Boaru DL, Lopez-Gonzalez L, García-Montero C, Alvarez-Mon MA, Guijarro LG, Torres-Carranza D, Saez MA, Diaz-Pedrero R, Albillos A, Alvarez-Mon M. 2024. Autophagy in Its (Proper) Context: Molecular Basis, Biological Relevance, Pharmacological Modulation, and Lifestyle Medicine. Int J Biol Sci. 20(7):2532-2554.

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